# Articles ## [Remotely Accessing the Field and Building Trust with Distant Sources. Perspectives from Ethnographic Research and Journalism Practice (July, 2022)](https://globalmediajournal.de/index.php/gmj/article/view/220) #### GLOBAL MEDIA JOURNAL: GERMAN EDITION- Laura Gianna Guntrum, Mira KeBler, Jignesh Patel, Anna Varfolomeeva {% embed url="" %} *"Journalists and ethnographic researchers, such as anthropologists, sociologists or media scholars, have comparable ways of establishing initial contacts with people from their fields of interest. Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and consequential travel restrictions and social distancing, it has become increasingly difficult to access a field. Taking inspiration from social anthropologist Ulf Hannerz (2004, p. 226), who compared journalists and anthropologists as “neighboring groups engaged in a somehow parallel pursuit,” this article explores what researchers may learn from practitioners who conduct research without being on-site."* ## [Media Ethnography in China- Ethics, Access and Interviews in a Non-Western Context (July, 2022)](https://globalmediajournal.de/index.php/gmj/article/view/218) #### GLOBAL MEDIA JOURNAL: GERMAN EDITION- Tianyu Zhang {% embed url="" %} *"This paper is based on my PhD thesis about the production culture of Chinese entertainment. I will discuss the challenges I faced during my fieldwork in China and will reflect on a general level on how to access this non-western field for doing media ethnography."* ## [How "Insiders and Outsiders" Perceive Media Development Work. Reflections on Their Relationship and Cooperation (July, 2022)](https://globalmediajournal.de/index.php/gmj/article/view/219) #### GLOBAL MEDIA JOURNAL: GERMAN EDITION- Mira KeBler {% embed url="" %} *"It appears to be essential to reflect different perspectives for doing media development work in contexts where foreign actors are not insiders. Here, their outside views on the needs of supported countries and on how to work together can be difficult for implementing projects, especially for actors on-site on which this article focuses."* ## [Public Funding for Private Media in the MENA Region (April, 2022)](https://www.comminit.com/media-development/content/public-funding-private-media-mena-region) #### PRIMED, BBC Media Action- Sarah Zaarour {% embed url="" %} *"This research paper examines national funding mechanisms for private media in five Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries and gives a general assessment of their role in promoting viable, independent, and diverse media."* ## [The Search for Sustainable Local Media: Tools and Models (April, 2022)](https://www.comminit.com/media-development/content/search-sustainable-local-media-tools-and-models) #### PRIMED, BBC Media Action- Franz Kruger {% embed url="" %} *"This paper looks at the challenge of sustainability faced by local media serving regional and metropolitan audiences, including marginalised communities, in Africa and other parts of the Global South. It considers the role of public policy in supporting these outlets and enabling them to access diverse income streams such as advertising, government subsidies, cross-subsidisation, and community support."* ## [Government and Industry-led Initiatives to Support the Development of the Media Market in Kenya (April, 2022)](https://www.comminit.com/media-development/content/government-and-industry-led-initiatives-support-development-media-market-kenya) #### PRIMED, BBC Media Action- Haron Mwangi {% embed url="" %} *"This paper explores a range of initiatives that show how the media in Kenya is working closely with the government to reform media law and policy. It focuses on reforms that have been implemented over the last decade and, in particular, those that sought to improve media viability in the local market. Based on the experience of the Kenyan media, the study also offers a list of recommendations that could be useful to other countries who are seeking solutions to media viability."* ## [The Political Economy of the Media in Sierra Leone and the Potential for Private Sector Investment (April, 2022)](https://www.comminit.com/media-development/content/political-economy-media-sierra-leone-and-potential-private-sector-investment) #### PRIMED, BBC Media Action- Ibrahim Banguara {% embed url="" %} *"This research paper presents a contextual analysis of the media sector in Sierra Leone, describing the key stakeholders and the financial motivation for their engagement, as well as the political and economic factors that influence media independence and viability. It also examines the current scope of private investment in the media sector and makes recommendations that could contribute to strengthening public interest in Sierra Leone."* ## [Indirect and Direct Subsidies for Media: The European Experience (April, 2022)](https://www.comminit.com/media-development/content/indirect-and-direct-subsidies-media-european-experience) #### PRIMED, BBC Media Action- Milan F. Zivkovic, Karolina Leakovic {% embed url="" %} *"This research report presents four models of direct media subsidies in Europe - from Serbia, Croatia, Sweden, and the European Union (EU) - and offers an overview of indirect subsidy in the form of reduced value-added tax (VAT) rates for newspapers, digital publications, and periodicals in EU countries and Serbia. The focus is, however, mainly on the experiences and methods of allocating selective direct media subsidies in each of the case studies in an effort to identify strategies for creating more viable public interest media."* ## [The Advertising Industry in Sierra Leone: A Critical and Comprehensive Analysis (April, 2022)](https://www.comminit.com/media-development/content/advertising-industry-sierra-leone-critical-and-comprehensive-analysis) #### PRIMED, BBC Media Action- Emmanuel Saffa Abdulai {% embed url="" %} *"This research paper explores the role of the commercial advertising industry as a key source of revenue for media in Sierra Leone. It looks at patterns and trends in the industry and offers recommendations to enhance the advertising industry in the country."* ## Learning Article on Digital Attacks #### MDIF {% file src="" %} In light of this year's World Press Freedom Day theme of Journalism Under Digital Siege, the MDIF prepared an article explaining how digital attacks are becoming more prevalent to silence media. Tactics range from cyberattacks and using regulatory agencies and licensing bodies by governments, to denial-of-service attacks and illegal surveillance. ## [Gender and media viability: making a business case for diversity (March, 2022)](https://impact.gfmd.info/resources/articles/thematic-reporting#gender-and-media-viability-making-a-business-case-for-diversity-march-2022) #### MDIF- MAGDALENA SKRZYPEK {% embed url="" %} In light of International Women's Day, this article highlights *"the relationship between gender and media business performance"* and the *"media innovations from around the world that champion women."* The article is divided into the following sections: women as a primary target, serving the female audience, diversity within newsrooms and leadership, gender and reader revenue, gender-based harassment, partnerships and institutional funding, branded content revenue, gender and events business, a collaboration around gender topics, and a way forward.